Am writing my paper on education and the Goal and Degree of Guidance during Instruction.And two main concepts or arguments: Constructivism and Instructivism.And where I stand. According to Rice (2007), constructivists “believe learning can be facilitated through the student creating her own knowledge”. Rice also stated that instructivist “believe the teacher must guide the child in learning”.And Kirschner , Sweller, and Clark (2006) stated that “the aim of all instruction is to alter long-term memory. If nothing has changed in long-term memory, nothing has been learned.” Kirschner et al. also stated that “the goal of instruction is rarely simply to search for or discover information. The goal is to give learners specific guidance about how to cognitively manipulate information in ways that are consistent with a learning goal, and store the results in long-term memory.”Hemelo-Silver, Duncan and Chinn (2007) stated that “the goals of learning should include not only conceptual and procedural knowledge but also the flexible thinking skills and epistemic practices of the domain that prepare students to be lifelong learners and adaptive experts.”
References
1. Hmelo-Silver, C., Duncan, R., & Chinn, C. (2007). Scaffolding and Achievement in Problem-Based and Inquiry Learning: A Response to Kirshnerm Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist, 42(2), 99-107.
2. Kirschner, P., Sweller. J., & Clark E. (2006). Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 75-86.
3. Rice.(2007). Went to a Fight and a Conference Broke Out: Instructivism vs. Constructivism.
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