Proposal:The Goal and the Degree - Constructivism vs. Instructivism

Am writing my paper on education and the Goal and Degree of Guidance during Instruction.And two main concepts or arguments: Constructivism and Instructivism.And where I stand. According to Rice (2007), constructivists “believe learning can be facilitated through the student creating her own knowledge”. Rice also stated that instructivist “believe the teacher must guide the child in learning”.And Kirschner , Sweller, and Clark (2006) stated that “the aim of all instruction is to alter long-term memory. If nothing has changed in long-term memory, nothing has been learned.” Kirschner et al. also stated that “the goal of instruction is rarely simply to search for or discover information. The goal is to give learners specific guidance about how to cognitively manipulate information in ways that are consistent with a learning goal, and store the results in long-term memory.”Hemelo-Silver, Duncan and Chinn (2007) stated that “the goals of learning should include not only conceptual and procedural knowledge but also the flexible thinking skills and epistemic practices of the domain that prepare students to be lifelong learners and adaptive experts.”

References

1.     Hmelo-Silver, C., Duncan, R., & Chinn, C. (2007). Scaffolding and Achievement in Problem-Based and Inquiry Learning: A Response to Kirshnerm Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist, 42(2), 99-107.

2.     Kirschner, P., Sweller. J., & Clark E. (2006). Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does  Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 75-86.

3.     Rice.(2007). Went to a Fight and a Conference Broke Out: Instructivism vs. Constructivism.

Summary: Tyranny of the test

A Kaplan program like this can cost a school well into the tens of thousands of dollars. Kaplan coaches are taught to handle the strangenss of each new workplace by falling back on their highly scricpted lessons and by quickly indentifying school faculty as one of several possible archetypes.Whether they are "trailblazers" with their schools or dreaded "saboteurs." ( Kaplan's SAT program is one of an array of test-prep courses that the company is contracted to "deliver" in schools nationwide.

Many educators argue that the gains from prep courses are negligible and the programs themselves ultimately harmful, since they drain precious funds and class time.Kaplan has acquired Achieva, a provider of online course materials to schools, and SpellRead,a national "reading-intervention" company.Kaplan's mission transcends the dysfunction and malaise that we're told we will find in failing schools.

Research

(1) Help you determine what you want to write about
         a. Finding out what conversations exist
(2) Provide you with "ammo"

Getting started:
(1) Survey the texts that you have at hand
(2) Start with a general topic: more narrow than "land" (or "food" or "community/economics" or "education")
         a.Land and illegal activies
         b. Food and public park markets
         c. Education at the high school level
(3) Generate research Question(s)
         a. Do any cities provide public markets for their citizens?
         b. Do and city governments subsidize urban farming?
         c. How much cost for middle/lower income residents
(4) Research
         a.Places
             1. Online/Google
             2.Library/Research
         b. Types
             1. Primary: original docs (Newspaper,lab studies,legislative bills' eyewitness accounts)
             2.Secondary: analysis,summary of primary docs